¿Quién disparó primero? Infarto renal de tres posibles causas / Who shot first? Three possible causes of a kidney infarction

El infarto renal agudo (IRA) es una patología con frecuencia inferior al 1% y diagnóstico complejo. Puede manifestarse como dolor abdominal o en fosa renal, asociando náuseas, vómitos, fiebre o incluso hipertensión, entre otros. El diagnóstico está basado en una alta sospecha clínica, con elevación de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) en los análisis y angio-TC con defecto de perfusión renal parenquimatosa en cuña. En cuanto a la etiología del IRA, podemos distinguir dos grupos etiológicos: tromboembólicos y trombosis in situ. Es importante realizar un adecuado diagnóstico causal para realizar un tratamiento correcto.(AU)

Renal infarction is a rare disease whose incidence is less than 1%. The symptoms can be abdominal or flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever or hypertension. The diagnosis is complex, and it is based on symptoms, blood analysis with an elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase and computed tomography angiography. The two major causes of renal infarction are thromboembolism and in situ thrombosis. The treatment depends on an adequate etiological diagnosis.(AU)

Who shot first? Three possible causes of a kidney infarction. / ¿Quién disparó primero? Infarto renal de tres posibles causas.

Renal infarction is a rare disease whose incidence is less than 1%. The symptoms can be abdominal or flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever or hypertension. The diagnosis is complex, and it is based on symptoms, blood analysis with an elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase and computed tomography angiography. The two major causes of renal infarction are thromboembolism and in situ thrombosis. The treatment depends on an adequate etiological diagnosis.

https://www.scielo.br/j/jbn/a/XCDXYHCGzjjG8sWsb8KGB3R/ / Infarto renal bilateral em paciente com infecção grave por COVID-19

Abstract Thromboembolic events are frequent in patients with COVID-19 infection, and no cases of bilateral renal infarctions have been reported. We present the case of a 41-year-old female patient with diabetes mellitus and obesity who attended the emergency department for low back pain, respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 pneumonia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and shock. The patient had acute kidney injury and required hemodialysis. Contrast abdominal tomography showed bilateral renal infarction and anticoagulation was started. Kidney infarction cases require high diagnostic suspicion and possibility of starting anticoagulation.

Resumo Fenômenos tromboembólicos são frequentes em pacientes com infecção por COVID-19 e nenhum caso de infarto renal bilateral havia sido relatado. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 41 anos, com diabetes mellitus e obesidade, que deu entrada no serviço de urgência por lombalgia, insuficiência respiratória associada à pneumonia COVID-19, cetoacidose diabética e choque. A paciente apresentava lesão renal aguda e demandava hemodiálise. A tomografia abdominal contrastada mostrou infarto renal bilateral e foi iniciada anticoagulação. Os casos de infarto renal requerem alta suspeita diagnóstica e possibilidade de iniciar a anticoagulação.

Infarto renal y disección carotídea espontánea: complicaciones de la displasia fibromuscular / Spontaneous renal infarction and carotid dissection: complications of fibromuscular dysplasia

Resumen La displasia fibromuscular es una enfermedad no inflamatoria y no aterosclerótica, que puede afectar cualquier lecho arterial; sin embargo, las arterias renales y la carótida interna son las más comprometidas. Se presenta el caso de un paciente que cursó con dolor abdominal y cefalea hemicraneana posterior, con síndrome de Horner incompleto. En arteriografía renal y panangiografía cerebral realizada por Cardiología intervencionista se observó infarto renal derecho y disección de la carótida interna derecha con formación de pseudoaneurisma. Se hizo terapia endovascular con angioplastia y se dio de alta con antiagregación dual. Es importante conocer este tipo de presentación clínica ya que el diagnóstico podría confundirse con otras enfermedades que generan signos y síntomas similares; por consiguiente, es ideal tener sospecha clínica alta para evitar retrasos en el manejo.

Abstract Fibromuscular dysplasia is a non-inflammatory and non-atherosclerotic disease that can affect any arterial bed, with the renal and the internal carotid arteries being the most compromised. A case is presented on a patient that had abdominal pain and pain in the back of the head, and an incomplete Horner syndrome. In the renal arteriography and cerebral pan-angiography carried out by interventionist Cardiology, a right renal infarction and dissection of the right internal carotid was observed with a pseudo-aneurysm formation. Intravenous treatment was performed with angioplasty, and the patient was discharged with dual antiplatelet therapy. It is important to be aware of this type of clinical presentation, since the diagnosis can be confused with other diseases that produce similar signs and symptoms. It would be ideal to have a high clinical suspicion in order to avoid delays in the management.

[Bilateral renal infarction: A rare complication of fibromuscular dysplasia]. / Infarto renal bilateral: una rara complicación de la displasia fibromuscular.

Bilateral renal infarction complicating Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) is extremely rare and has so far been reported only in a handful of cases. We report a 44-year-old man who presented with complaints of abdominal pain and severe hypertension. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed bilateral renal infarction and a renal angiography confirmed the bilateral and irregular stenosis due to FMD, in the absence of systemic vasculitis and other risk factors for thromboembolic events. Therefore, angioplasty with balloon was performed in order to obtain a good vessel patency and to improve patency in the long term follow-up. After the endovascular treatment the blood pressure improved markedly, maintaining this result at 3-months follow-up. Our case highlight the importance of recognizing renal infarction as an initial presentation of FMD.

Infarto renal: revisión sistemática sobre síntomas de sospecha clínica y repercusión sobre función renal / Renal infarction: systematic review of symptoms of clinical suspicion and repercussion on renal function / Infarto renal: revisão sistemática dos sintomas de suspeita clínica e repercussão na função renal

Resumen: Introducción: El infarto renal es una entidad poco frecuente y está sub-diagnosticada por lo que para su diagnóstico se necesita un alto índice de sospecha clínica. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y paraclínicas más frecuentes en el infarto renal, destacando la repercusión en la función renal. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de serie de casos en PUBMED y SciELO con los términos: "renal infarction" y "renal infarct". Se estudiaron variables: demográficas, clínicas y paraclínicas. En el caso de las variables paraclínicas se analizó el porcentaje de pacientes con valores elevados de cada una de las mismas. El análisis estadístico fue realizado con EPI INFO 7. 2. Resultados: Los síntomas y signos más frecuentes fueron oliguria, dolor en flanco y abdominal, nauseas, fiebre y vómitos. Los parámetros paraclínicos alterados fueron: LDH, PCR y glóbulos blancos. Se constató injuria renal aguda en 30.8% de los pacientes, la progresión a enfermedad renal crónica se observó en 17.3% y la progresión a enfermedad renal terminal se observó en 5.2% de los pacientes. Discusión y conclusiones: La determinación de las características clínicas y paraclínicas más frecuentes del infarto renal, se pueden utilizar para disminuir el retraso diagnóstico, lo que tiene consecuencias terapéuticas.

Abstract: Introduction: Renal infarction is a rare entity and is under-diagnosed, so a high index of clinical suspicion is needed for its diagnosis. Objective: To determine the most frequent clinical and paraclinical characteristics in renal infarction, highlighting the impact on renal function. Methodology: A systematic review of a series of cases was carried out in PUBMED and SciELO with the terms: "renal infarction" and "renal infarct". Variables were studied: demographic, clinical and paraclinical. In the case of paraclinical variables, the percentage of patients with high values ​​of each of them was analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed with EPI INFO 7. 2. Results: The most frequent symptoms and signs were oliguria, flank and abdominal pain, nausea, fever and vomiting. Paraclinical parameters altered were: LDH, CRP and white blood cells. Acute renal injury was found in 30.8% of patients, progression to chronic kidney disease was observed in 17.3% and progression to end-stage renal disease was observed in 5.2% of patients. Discussion and conclusions: The determination of the most frequent clinical and paraclinical characteristics of renal infarction can be used to reduce the diagnostic delay, which has therapeutic consequences.

Resumo: Introdução: O infarto renal é uma entidade rara e é subdiagnosticada, portanto, um alto índice de suspeita clínica é necessário para o seu diagnóstico. Objetivo: Determinar as características clínicas e paraclínicas mais frequentes no infarto renal, destacando o impacto na função renal. Metodologia: Uma revisão sistemática de uma série de casos foi realizada em PUBMED e SciELO com os termos: "infarto renal" e "infarto renal". As variáveis ​​foram estudadas: demográficas, clínicas e paraclinicais. No caso de variáveis ​​paraclínicas, foi analisada a porcentagem de pacientes com valores altos de cada um deles. A análise estatística foi realizada com o EPI INFO 7. 2. Resultados: Os sintomas e sinais mais frequentes foram oligúria, dor no flanco e abdominal, náusea, febre e vômitos. Parâmetros clínicos alterados foram: LDH, PCR e glóbulos brancos. A lesão renal aguda foi encontrada em 30,8% dos pacientes, a progressão para doença renal crônica foi observada em 17,3% e a progressão para doença renal terminal em 5,2% dos pacientes. Discussão e conclusões: A determinação das características clínicas e paraclínicas mais frequentes do infarto renal pode ser utilizada para reduzir o retardo no diagnóstico, o que tem consequências terapêuticas.

Acute renal infarction: Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors.

INTRODUCTION: Acute renal infarction (ARI) is an uncommon disease, whose real incidence is probably higher than expected. It is associated with poor prognosis in a high percentage of cases. OBJECTIVES: To describe the main clinical, biochemical and radiologic features and to determine which factors are associated with poor prognosis (death or permanent renal injury). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following is a retrospective, observational, single-hospital-based study. All patients diagnosed with ARI by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) over an 18-year period were included. Patients were classified according to the cardiac or non-cardiac origin of their disease. Clinical, biochemical and radiologic features were analysed, and multiple logistic regression model was used to determine factors associated with poor prognosis. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were included, 30 of which had a cardiac origin. Other 32 patients with non-cardiac ARI were younger, had less comorbidity, and were less frequently treated with oral anticoagulants. CT scans estimated mean injury extension at 35%, with no differences observed between groups. A total of 38% of patients had an unfavourable outcome, and the main determinants were: Initial renal function (OR=0.949; IC 95% 0.918-0.980; p=0.002), and previous treatment with oral anticoagulants (OR=0.135; IC 95% 0.032-0.565; p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: ARI is a rare pathology with non-specific symptoms, and it is not associated with cardiological disease or arrhythmias in more than half of cases. A substantial proportion of patients have unfavourable outcomes, and the initial renal function is one of the main prognostic factors.